Medicurio

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Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain.

Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin.Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom.Treatment usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If it is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be required.

ulcers include:

1. Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach
2. Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of your small intestine (duodenum)

Causes—

igestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that normally protects against acid. But if the amount of acid is increased or the amount of mucus is decreased, you could develop an ulcer. eptic ulcers occur when acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed.

Common causes include:—

1. A bacterium. Helicobacter pylori bacteria commonly live in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. Often, the H. pylori bacterium causes no problems, but it can cause inflammation of the stomach’s inner layer, producing an ulcer. It’s not clear how H. pylori infection spreads. It may be transmitted from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. People may also contract H. pylori through food and water.
2. Regular use of certain pain relievers. Taking aspirin, as well as certain over-the-counter and prescription pain medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can irritate or inflame the lining of your stomach and small intestine. These medications include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox, others), ketoprofen and others. They do not include acetaminophen (Tylenol). Peptic ulcers are more common in older adults who take these pain medications frequently or in people who take these medications for osteoarthritis.
3. Other medications. Taking certain other medications along with NSAIDs, such as steroids, anticoagulants, low-dose aspirin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), alendronate (Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel), can greatly increase the chance of developing ulcers.

symptoms –

The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is burning abdominal pain that extends from the navel to the chest, which can range from mild to severe. In some cases, the pain may wake you up at night. Small peptic ulcers may not produce any symptoms in the early phases.

Other common signs of a peptic ulcer include:

1. changes in appetite
2. nausia
3. bloody or dark stool
4. unexplained weight loss
5. indigestion
6. vomitting
7. chest pain
8. Burning stomach pain
9. Feeling of fullness,
10. bloating or belching
11. Fatty food intolerance
12. Heartburn

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Risk factors

In addition to taking NSAIDs, you may have an increased risk of peptic ulcers if you:

1. Smoke. Smoking may increase the risk of peptic ulcers in people who are infected with H. pylori.
2. Drink alcohol. Alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of your stomach, and it increases the amount of stomach acid that’s produced.
3. Have untreated stress.
4. Eat spicy foods.

Prevention

You may reduce your risk of peptic ulcer if you follow the same strategies recommended as home remedies to treat ulcers. It may also be helpful to:

1. Protect yourself from infections. It’s not clear just how H. pylori spreads, but there’s some evidence that it could be transmitted from person to person or through food and water. You can take steps to protect yourself from infections, such as H. pylori, by frequently washing your hands with soap and water and by eating foods that have been cooked completely.
2. Use caution with pain relievers. If you regularly use pain relievers that increase your risk of peptic ulcer, take steps to reduce your risk of stomach problems. For instance, take your medication with meals. Work with your doctor to find the lowest dose possible that still gives you pain relief. Avoid drinking alcohol when taking your medication, since the two can combine to increase your risk of stomach upset. If you need an NSAID, you may need to also take additional medications such as an antacid, a PPI, an acid blocker or cytoprotective agent. A class of NSAIDs called COX-2 inhibitors may be less likely to cause peptic ulcers, but may increase the risk of heart attack.

Complications

Left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in:

1. Internal bleeding. Bleeding can occur as slow blood loss that leads to anemia or as severe blood loss that may require hospitalization or a blood transfusion. Severe blood loss may cause black or bloody vomit or black or bloody stools.
2. Infection. Peptic ulcers can eat a hole through (perforate) the wall of your stomach or small intestine, putting you at risk of serious infection of your abdominal cavity (peritonitis).
3. Obstruction. Peptic ulcers can block passage of food through the digestive tract, causing you to become full easily, to vomit and to lose weight through either swelling from inflammation or scarring.

Treatment—

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Physiotherapy focuses on function, movement, and optimal use of the child’s potential and uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore physical, psychological and social well-being within all environments of the child including home, school, recreation, and community environments

gross motor skills, functional mobility in the management for the motor deficits, positioning, sitting, transition from sitting to standing, walking with or without assistive devices and orthoses, wheelchair use and transfers, are all areas that the physiotherapist works on using a wide range of physiotherapeutic approaches to influence functional ability of the child, which we will review.

Physical therapy implements strength and flexibility exercises, heat treatment, massages and special equipment to give children with cerebral palsy more independence.

In more severe cases, it may be used alongside other treatments or medications. Beginning physical therapy as early as possible usually gives children the best chances at improvement.

benifits of physiotherapy treatment —The main goal of physical therapy is to make everyday movements easier for children with cerebral palsy.

There are many benefits of physical therapy, from improving mobility to preventing future issues such as contractures and joint dislocations by keeping the body strong and flexible. Many children with CP increase their level of self-reliance through physical therapy

According to Patel (2005) a wide range of therapeutic interventions have been used in the treatment and management of children with cerebral palsy. They show that there is evidence to support the use and effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation, while evidence in support of the effectiveness of the neurodevelopmental treatment is equivocal at best. The effectiveness of many other interventions, including include: sensory integration, body-weight support treadmill training, conductive education, constraint-induced therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy used in the treatment of cerebral palsy have not been clearly established based on well-controlled trials. We provides an overview of salient aspects of popular approaches and interventions used in the management of children with Cerebral Palsy.

Physical therapy can improve:

1. Coordination
2. Balance
3. Strength
4. Flexibility
5. Endurance
6. Pain management
7. Posture
8. Gait
9. Overall health

How is physical therapy performed?

Physical therapy is carried out by licensed physical therapists and physical therapy assistants, often by using means such as:

1. soft tissue mobilization (kneading of the muscles)
2. joint mobilization
3. specialized exercises
4. stretching
5. endurance exercises designed to meet therapeutic goals

Physical therapy is hands-on: a therapist, or an assistant, will guide the child through exercises.

Exercises often include the use of equipment, such as:

1. Weights
2. Exercise machines
   1. Bands
   2. Rollers
3. Balance balls
4. Heat and cold packs
5. Ultrasound technology

At some centers, sports or recreation like swimming, dancing and playing games such as throwing and catching a ball, may be used to help children develop muscles, balance, coordination and range of motion.

types—

The types of exercises used vary and have specific benefits for each types of cerebral palsy Some of the benefits by cerebral palsy type include:

1. spastic – Physical therapy can reduce the muscle tension and jerky movements associated with spastic cerebral palsy. Exercises such as stretching can even relieve stiffness over time.
2. athetoid – People with athetoid cerebral palsy use physical therapy to increase muscle tone and gain more control over their movements.
3. ataxic – There are exercises that can improve balance problems faced by those with ataxic cerebral palsy.

physical therapy used—

Exercises

Exercises for cerebral palsy are geared toward treating either high or low muscle tone. High muscle tone causes stiffness and spasticity, whereas low muscle tone causes too much flexibility and weakness.

Improving muscle tone

Flexibility exercises and massages are often used for children with spastic cerebral palsy; these exercises not only help improve mobility, but also can prevent painful muscle tightening that could require surgical correction. Strength training exercises are used to increase muscle tone in children with athetoid cerebral palsy.

Assisting posture and walking

Special exercises are also used to help with walking, posture, transitional movements and sensory impairments like touch and balance. Posture is improved through exercises that emphasize sitting, kneeling and standing. Transitional movements are those used by infants that lead to walking, such as rolling over and sitting up.

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toys for kids with celebral palsy science behind this —

Recent studies using commercially available VR products like the Smart Kids as a supplement to traditional approaches for children with CP have reported statistically significant improvements in:

*Cortical reorganisation: Brain changes! Targeted, sustained interaction between the brain and the nerves of the isolated muscle systems has been shown to create neuroplastic changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems particularly in cortical areas related to motor learning and control.

*Motor control: Use it or lose it!
Repetition of muscle use over time leads to improved strength, manual dexterity, motor planning skills as well as increased ability to generalize this strength increase into use of the arm during daily tasks.

*Motivation and confidence: I’m winning!
When abilities are challenged appropriately kids can become motivated to keep playing in order to achieve game goals. Through the achievement of small wins in the game, kids are secretly performing prescribed exercises while building the confidence needed to attempt novel tasks outside of the VR experience.

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Compliance: Time flies when you’re having fun!
VR use can increase home exercise compliance levels in children who feel like they are gaming and not exercising which enhances conventional physiotherapy effectiveness.

*Cognition: Get your head in the game! Improved concentration and levels of participation have been reported when using VR intervention. The games provide feedback which enables kids to improve their performance while giving them a measurable sense of achievement through persistence and control over their actions.

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Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by irregularly shaped red blood cells due to an abnormal form of hemoglobin within the RBC’s. The hemoglobin is able to transport Oxygen in a normal fashion, but once the Oxygen is released, the diseased molecules stick to one another and form abnormally shaped rods in the RBC’s. This, in turn, causes the erythrocytes to become sickle-shaped and unable to squeeze through the small diameter capillaries, leading to occlusion of these vessels.

characterstics—

Individuals with this disorder may vary in their presentation of symptoms. Occlusion of the capillaries by the sickle-shaped erythrocytes leads to acute and chronic tissue damage. Clinically, this can lead to widespread pain throughout the body, termed painful episodes, that may last 5 or 6 days.

As the name suggests, these patients are anemic, resulting in a presentation of fatigue, pallor, and irritability. Acute episodes of symptoms are typical and may be brought on by physical exertion, extreme temperatures, fatigue or recent infections.

as a result of occlusion of the blood vessels. The sickled RBC’s may adhere to the lung endothelium and cause inflammation resulting in acute chest syndrome.

role of physiotherapist:–

Therapists could play a large role in education, treatment and possible prevention.Patient education is extremely important for individuals with sickle cell. They should be educated on the importance of physical activity and remaining mobile in order to combat serious pulmonary and other systemic complications.

The patient should be taught breathing techniques and incentive spirometry to also prevent acute chest syndrome and atelectasis, as well as retain adequate lung capacity Wound care to stasis ulcers that often occur on the hands, legs, and feet may also be indicated for PT managem.

Patients with sickle cell disease may have an intolerance to exercise and may fatigue quickly due to anemia. PT’s should be mindful of this and gradually work up to moderate levels of exercise with frequent rest breaks.

Aquatic therapy may be beneficial for some individuals with sickle cell anemia. A recent case study found that two aquatic sessions a week for five weeks resulted in decreased frequency of painful episodes and increased strength of the respiratory muscles.

During painful episodes, therapists should avoid overexerting the patient, and should look out for stressors that may include dehydration or cold.

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Torticollis is a condition causing asymmetrical head or neck position due to a problem in the neck muscles.Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a dystonic condition defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position, which may be due to a variety of causes. The term torticollis is derived from the Latin words tortus for twisted and collum for neck.

causes:-

1. The cause is likely from the baby’s position in the uterus which leads to injury to the neck muscles.

2. Acquired torticollis may be caused by irritation to the cervical ligaments from a viral infection,

3.injury, or vigorous movement.Osseous

4.Additional causes may include:

1.Sleeping in an awkward position.Osseous

2.Traumatic

3.CNS/PNS

4.Ocular

5.Non-muscular soft tissue

6.Spasmodic

7.Drug induced

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types-

1.laterocollis : the head is tipped toward the shoulder,

2.rotational torticollis : the head rotates along the longitudinal axis,

3.anterocollis : forward flexion of the head and neck,

4.retrocollis : hyperextension of head and neck backward.

sign and symptom—

1. Neck pain
2. Occasional formation of a mass
3. Thickened or tight sternocleidomastoid muscle
4. Tenderness on the cervical spine
5. Tremor in head
6. Unequal shoulder heights
7. Decreased neck movement

Anatomy of torticollis —

The underlying anatomical distortion causing torticollis is a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle. This is the muscle of the neck that originates at the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the same side.There are two sternocleidomastoid muscles in the human body and when they both contract, the neck is flexed. The main blood supply for these muscles come from the occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, transverse scapular artery and transverse cervical artery. The main innervation to these muscles is from cranial nerve XI (the accessory nerve) but the second, third and fourth cervical nerves are also involved. Pathologies in these blood and nerve supplies can lead to torticollis.

treatment—

physiotherapy:–

Physical therapy is an option for treating torticollis in a non-invasive and cost-effective manner.

1. Stretching the neck and trunk muscles actively. Parents can help promote this stretching at home with infant positioning. For example, prone positioning will encourage the child to lift their chin off the ground, thereby strengthening their bilateral neck and spine extensor muscles, and stretching their neck flexor muscles. Active rotation exercises in supine, sitting or prone position by using toys, lights and sounds to attract infant’s attention to turn neck and look toward the non-affected side.
2. Stretching the muscle in a prone position passively.passive stretching is manual, and does not include infant involvement. Two people can be involved in these stretches, one person stabilizing the infant while the other holds the head and slowly brings it through the available range of motion. Passive stretching should not be painful to the child, and should be stopped if the child resists. Also, discontinue the stretch if changes in breathing or circulation are seen or felt.
3. Stretching the muscle in a lateral position supported by a pillow (have infant lie on the side with the neck supported by pillow). Affected side should be against the pillow to deviate the neck towards the non-affected side.
4. Environmental adaptations can control posture in strollers, car seats and swings (using U-shaped neck pillow or blankets to hold neck in neutral position)
5. Passive cervical rotation (much like stretching when being supported by a pillow, have affected side down)
6. Position infant in the crib with affected side by the wall so they must turn to the non-affected side to face out

Other treatments include:—

1. Rest and analgesics for acute cases
2. Diazepam or other muscle relaxants
3. Botulinum toxin
4. Encouraging active movements for children 6–8 months of age
5. Ultrasound diathermy

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containt:- 1)defination
2)origin of junk food
3)history
4)national junk food day
5)junkfood vs health

defination:– food that is high in calories but low in nutritional content food that is high in calories but low in nutritional content.
It is something that is appealing or enjoyable but of little or no real value
origin of junk food:-
the term junk was originated in1950s , although its coinage has been credited to Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, in 1972s Dr. bready in an article called “mrs.H named it as cheat food“.he term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.
history:-
The history of junk food is a largely American tale: It has been around for hundreds of years, in many parts of the world, but no one has done a better job inventing so many varieties of it, branding it, mass-producing it, making people rich off it and, of course, eating it.

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national junk food day :-
America also celebrates an annual National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by “people who want to sell more food”, at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group.] “In honor of the day,” Time in 2014 published, “5 Crazy Junk Food Combinations”. Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: “Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?” “National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll” (Baltimore);[32] “Celebrities’ favorite junk food” (Los Angeles”A Nutritionist’s Guide to National Junk Food Day” with “Rules for Splurgin
in develping countary like India also stared following this trend .

junkfood vs health :-
The health problems that junk food can cause affect every part of your body. It can lead to brain damage in children and cause serious conditions like fatty liver syndrome in adults. So saying no to junk food is not a choice anymore. It is something you should do if you want to live a healthy life.

Here are some of the serious health problems of junk food that you should be aware of.
obesity- Junk food contains trans fats that is almost impossible to lose without extensive work out. Most of us do not work out and thus never lose the permanent trans fats that we accumulate while enjoying junk food.

Fatigue Junk food may make you feel full but you will always be tired. This is because fast food has no nutrients in it. Your body is getting empty calories but no nutrition. This makes you fatigued and lazy.

Unhealthy For Heart Trans fats present in junk food clog up your arteries and cause heart diseases. It is not unheard of for 30-year-olds to have heart attacks these days. This is because of eating junk food.

Affects Your Kidneys Junk food is often salty and high on sodium. This extra sodium affects the sodium-potassium balance in your body and in turn damages your kidneys.

Chances Of Diabetes Eating junk food causes sudden fluctuations in your blood sugar level. That is why junk food is one of the bad lifestyle choices that pushes you towards getting diabetes type 2.

Makes Your Brain Slow The bad fats from junk food get stored in your brain. This insulates your brain to the nerve signals, thus making you slow. This is one of the reasons for obese children being slow learners.

Causes Fatty Liver The extra fat that you gain from eating junk food gets deposited over your liver. This is called the fatty liver syndrome. You are unable to digest anything as your liver function gets affected.

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Thanks for joining me!

Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. — Izaak Walton

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